Archive for March, 2010

Mar 31

Navy Department Library Celebrates 210th Anniversary

Wednesday, March 31, 2010 9:05 AM

     Today we are celebrating the Navy Department Library’s 210th Anniversary.    Though the library has been relocated several times within Washington D.C., and undergone a few organizational changes we are proud to trace our roots to a letter dated 31 March 1800 from President John Adams to Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert.  This letter directed him to establish a library that would contain “the best writing…on the theory and practice of naval architecture, navigation, gunnery….”

     From that beginning, the Library’s collections have grown to 156,000 books and tens of thousands of manuscripts, periodicals and government documents, with an emphasis on naval, military, and nautical history including foreign navies. The Library is home to the most comprehensive collection of historical literature on the United States Navy. 

     One of the few major military historical libraries open to the public, the library serves an international audience. It provides resources vital to the writing and publishing of naval history, as well as information relating to the needs of today’s US Navy.

 
Mar 31

Meet WW II Merchant Marine Radio Officer Don Berger

Wednesday, March 31, 2010 7:48 AM

Naval History Blog recently caught up with Don Berger who joined the U.S. Merchant Marines in World War II when he was 16 1/2 and became a radio officer the following year.  In addition to his service in WW II, Don served in Korea, Vietnam, and Gulf War I.  Today, Don is volunteer aboard the SS American Victory in Tampa, FL – one of few WW II Victory ships available for tours and cruises.

 
Mar 30

From Our Archives: On the Study of Naval History

Tuesday, March 30, 2010 11:11 AM

 

On the Study of Naval History

By Rear-Admiral Stephen B. Luce, U. S. N.

Proceedings Magazine, Volume 13, Issue 2, Whole Number 41 in the year 1887

INTRODUCTORY.

The term “Naval Tactics” has been used in such a general way as to lead to some confusion of ideas regarding its true meaning. Some writers restrict it to the evolutionary movements of a fleet, and such as are to be found in the Tactical Signal Book; others limit it to the manner of conducting a fleet in battle; while others again use the term in both senses, and often in such a careless way as to lead themselves and their readers into no little confusion. It is just as well that we should, in the very beginning, fully understand an expression which promises to be of frequent use.

Tactics has been well defined as the art of military movements. Naval Tactics is the art of conducting the military movements of a fleet. Battle being the chief object and end of a fleet, the order of battle constitutes the principal formation; and to bring the vessels composing a fleet, from any given order, to the order of battle, or any other order, is to perform an evolutionary or tactical movement. There are, besides the order of battle, various other orders and movements—such as chasing an enemy’s fleet; escaping from a superior force; protecting a convoy; navigating the high seas; anchoring; going in or out of port, etc., etc.

These several orders, or formations, formerly called the “orders of sailing,” etc., etc., were laid down in the Signal Book; and the methods of changing from one order to another were fully prescribed, a diagram accompanying each evolutionary signal number, showing the positions and movements of each individual ship. Thus, when, in 1790, Admiral Lord Howe rearranged the Signal Book of the English Navy, he introduced “instructions for the conduct of the fleet in the execution of the principal evolutions which were illustrated by figures.” These evolutions may be termed Elementary or Minor Tactics. In thus revising the Signal Book, Lord Howe rendered a great service to the English Navy, and the value of his work was generously acknowledged by Nelson. In his letter to Earl Howe of January 8, 1799, giving some account of the battle of the Nile, Nelson writes: “This plan” (of battle) “my friends” (the captains of the several ships composing the fleet) ” readily conceived by the signals, for which we are principally, if not entirely, indebted to Your Lordship “Later on in the same letter he speaks of Earl Howe as “our great master in naval tactics and bravery.” The term “naval tactics,” as here used by Nelson, is undoubtedly to be taken in connection with the revised Code of Signals, and refers to the Manual of Fleet Evolutions, which had been rearranged by Howe. Howe not only revised and greatly improved the Signal Book of the English Navy, including the Code of Tactical Signals, but he enjoyed the reputation of being indefatigable in the exercising of the fleet under his command in tactical evolutions, and the transmitting of orders by signals. He was, moreover, very exacting, requiring great precision in the execution of all maneuvers. But this seems to be the limit of Howe’s claim to be considered a tactician. He was skillful in Minor Tactics.

Read the rest of this entry »

 
Mar 30

Upcoming Opportunities to Honor our Navy’s Heritage

Tuesday, March 30, 2010 12:01 AM

Greetings from the Navy Commemorations Office.

For your handy reference, here’s a list of upcoming anniversaries that honor our nation’s naval heritage.

US Navy Birthday (Annual; 250th Anniversary in 2025)

Battle of Midway (Annual, 75th Anniversary in 2017)

Centennial of Naval Aviation (100th Anniversary in 2011)

The U.S. Navy has an enduring legacy of hosting major maritime events throughout the history of our nation. On 31 May 1934, USS Indianapolis hosted President Franklin D. Roosevelt for the 1934 Presidential Naval Review off New York City.

First American in Space (50th Anniversary in 2011)

Civil War (150th Anniversary in 2011-2015)

USS Monitor v. CSS Virginia (150th Anniversary in 2012)

War of 1812 (200th Anniversary in 2012-2015)

Establishment of US Navy Reserve Force (100th Anniversary in 2015)

World War I (100th Anniversary 2017-2018)

World War II (75th Anniversary 2016-2020)

Women in the NavyEstablishment of Yeoman (F) Rating (100th Anniversary in 2017) and the WAVES (75th Anniversary in 2017)

D-Day Normandy (75th Anniversary in 2019)

Founding of West India Squadron (Anti-piracy: 200th Anniversary in 2022)

Commissioning of First Aircraft Carrier (100th Anniversary in 2022)

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Mar 29

Notes on Writing Naval (Not Navy) English by Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison, USN

Monday, March 29, 2010 4:00 AM

From the NHHC’s archives…

RADM S.E. Morison, USN

According to Rear Admiral Samuel E. Morison, USN, author of the historic 15-volume History of United States Naval Operations in World War II:

The sea has a language of its own, and the air has largely taken it over, with a few necessary additions and modifications.  Everyone who writes naval or maritime history should endeavor to use the strong, short words and plain, terse phrases that are consecrated by centuries of sea usage, and not try to translate them into current journalese or other jargon.

1.  Ship and Plane Motion

Never say trip when you mean passage or voyage.  The distinction between the two is that a passage  (outward, homeward or from one point to another) is part of a voyage.  Trip may be used only only for a boat trip from ship to shore or for a coastwise journey, like some of the short-range amphibious operations in New Guinea and the Philippines.

There are three different verbs to use for the act of a ship making an exit from port:  sail, depart, and leave.  All three are correct; I prefer the first two.  Sortie should be used sparingly, never for a single ship, and only when a task force or other large group leave a harbor with a restricted channel in accordance with a sortie plan.  Sortie is used in a special sense by naval aviation, meaning one flight by one plane.  For instance, if 3o planes of carrier YORKTOWN make a morning and afternoon strike on 8 May, 23 other planes make one strike only, and 8 are sent out on search missions; she is said to have made 91 sorties that day.  Planes flown as combat air patrol and anti-submarine patrol are now counted as sorties.

For a verb expressing the motion of a naval vessel or force, sail or steam is preferable to go or proceed, although the latter are correct.  “The task force sailed from Oahu to Leyte” and “The cruisers steamed through the Straits of Gibraltar.”  Note how flat it sounds if you substitute went r proceeded.  It does not matter if neither sail nor steam are used as motive power; the derived verbs are still best for the motion of a ship.

Similarly, aircraft are always said to fly, even though their motive power is very different from that of a bird.

To read the rest of Professor Morison’s notes, click here.

 
Mar 28

This Week in U.S. Navy History: 28 March-3 April

Sunday, March 28, 2010 12:00 PM

March 28

1800 – Essex becomes first U.S. Navy vessel to pass Cape of Good Hope

1814 – HMS Phoebe and Cherub capture USS Essex off Valparaiso, Chile. Before capture, Essex had captured 24 British prizes during the War of 1812.

1848 – USS Supply reaches the Bay of Acre, anchoring under Mount Carmel near the village of Haifa, during expedition to explore the Dead Sea and the River Jordan.

March 29

1954 – Carrier aircraft began reconnaissance near Dien Bien Phu, Indochina

1960 – Launch of first fully integrated Fleet Ballistic Missile from USS Observation Island

1973 – Naval Advisory Group and Naval forces, Vietnam disestablished and last U.S. prisoners of war left Vietnam.

1975 – Evacuation of Danang by sea began

March 30

1944 – First use of torpedo squadrons from carriers to drop aerial mines (Palau Harbor)

1972 – Easter Offensive began in Vietnam

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Mar 28

Abstract Navy Art

Sunday, March 28, 2010 12:01 AM

Someone once asked me why there weren’t more abstract paintings in the Navy Art Collection. We have some abstract paintings in the collection, but 99.99% of the collection is realistic, or representative art.

It’s not that the Navy doesn’t like or doesn’t understand abstract painting. I believe the dearth is related to the internal process of abstract painting and how it contrasts with the Navy Art Collection’s mission.

Abstract painting is internally driven by the emotions, impressions, visions, etc., of the artist. In its strictest form, it has no representational (realistic) elements. In contrast, the Navy Art Collection collects, documents, preserves and exhibits art that is significant to the history of the Navy. The collection exists to remind the Navy and the general public of its past, its present, and to sometimes make speculations into the future (with artist concept images). As art museums go, our mission is more history-depiction oriented than art oriented, but we feel that we’re serving the Navy better in what we do.

It’s not that these two realms can’t co-exist. Today I have two very fine abstract paintings in our collection that demonstrate that Navy art can be abstract art. In looking at them, maybe we’ll learn something about both.

First is the “The Rehabilitation of Destroyer Johnston,” by Marcella Comes Winslow. Its inspiration comes from modernization overhaul U.S.S. Johnston (DD-821) received in 1962 to improve its Cold War-fighting capabilities. For me, the cubism of the painting represents the ship being sectioned, chopped up, rearranged. – effectively describing what was happening to the ship in a visual way. (By the way, the Navy made many lithographs of this painting with the ship’s name misspelled as “Johnson.”)

The Rehabilitation of Destroyer Johnston by Marcella Comes Winslow Oil on canvas, 1962 88-163-F.

The other abstract that I love is “The Attack,” by Bernard Childs. It was inspired by the artist’s service on board a destroyer escort in World War II. In his words, “In a torpedo attack, the ship made a fast spin and, at a certain point of its rapid turn, the torpedo was fired at a point in the arc as though whipped from the ship [centrifugally].” The picture captures the motion of the ship’s spin, its wake and the trajectory of the torpedo as it might have been viewed from above.

The Attack by Bernard Childs. Wax and pigment on canvas, 1959 98-381-A.

In both of these we have fine examples of the coincidence of abstract techniques with Navy subjects. There are a few other abstract paintings in the collection, each with its own story.

 
Mar 27

Why I Joined the Navy

Saturday, March 27, 2010 7:45 PM

USS Zeilin APA-9

Air Attack Guadalcanal

By way of an introduction, I want to take the time to explain how a former member of an unnamed branch of military service came to become a guest blogger on a site devoted to naval history. Two words best describe that reason. Duty, a word coming from the 13th century Middle English word duete, meaning conduct due parents and superiors, done with the force of moral obligation; and the word Honor, as in the Biblical Commandment to one’s father and mother. These two words led me to have an unabated interest in naval history and gave purchase to a quest to know the man who was my father.

I was six years old the last time I saw my Dad. My last recollection was of a tall dark haired man, dressed in Levis, a white shirt and wearing a fringed leather jacket. He hugged me and my brother and walked out of our lives, leaving a void that took fifty years to fill. As I grew up, my mother continued to relate the stories of my father and how he had served in the Navy during World War II. He left a few treasures behind, two being, scale model balsa-wood Hellcat and Helldiver airplanes, that to my great regret became kindling after my brother and I conducted a mock dogfight one day when our mother was next door. It took me a long time to understand why she wept so, after scolding us for our transgression. She never told us until years later, that Dad had just left us. I was raised on the notion that he had been recalled to duty in the Korean War and never returned. This led to me devoting much of my interest in learning everything I could about the war in the Pacific and the Korean War, in an effort to honor the memory of my father. A fews years later, a school-mate unintentionally outed me in class, after I had given a much repeated show and tell story about my dad, the “Dead War Hero.” I confronted my mother and she revealed the truth. I was left with an even deeper void of wondering who my father was, and why he never returned.

Decades passed and I went off to my own war, and returned to get on with my life. A turn of events led me to get the chance to return to school and with it came the key to unlock the mystery of what had happened to my father. The Internet and research techniques learned when I returned to college, led me to discover the true history of  my Dad’s service in the war, and perhaps understand why he just walked away that day, back in 1952. I learned  he had joined the Navy December 8, 1941, and shipped out on the USS Zeilin AP-3 just in time to carry the 3rd Marine Defense Battalion to Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942. His ship then continued to support operation “Watchtower” until after being attacked and nearly sunk during a bombing raid on November 11, 1942; they retired to the states for repairs. My father continued to serve in the Zeilin’s Second Division manning the 20mm’s and the boats and participating in four more invasions; Attu, Kiska, Bloody Red Beach at Tarawa, and Kwajalein, before returning stateside for a 30 day leave, during which he married my mom. He was then sent East to become  a plank owner on the new carrier Bonhomme Richard CV-31. The notations on the final page of his Enlisted Man’s Jacket, list participation in fifteen carrier air strikes and operations from June 8, 1945 to the final strike that was recalled on 15, August, 45, due to Japan’s surrender.

The search for my father also led to the discovery that I had three other brothers, two of which I was able to connect with.  My new-found  brother Vince was able to fill in many of the blanks of our father’s life and relate how much he loved the Navy and never for a second, forgot his shipmates and the devotion to duty that they all shared. Perhaps the best illustration of that love, occurred when Vince returned from boot camp dressed in his “Cracker Jacks” and how Dad’s eyes welled up with pride and recognition that his son was following in his footsteps. He sat him down and shared many of the stories that he had held closed in his heart for forty years.  His greatest regret as related to Vince was not getting back together with his two older sons and saying how sorry he was for not being there for them. I realize now, after learning myself of what my father experienced during the war, that the experience of war sometimes drives the strongest of men away, to suffer the memories alone.

I am not writing this as a personal self-serving homage to my dad, but to let the readers of this blog understand how honored I am to be invited to symbolically join the Navy and honor the memory of all who have served, by writing about the history of this indispensable branch of military service. Naval history is more than the ships and the great captains; it is the everyman, the seaman, and the marine who manned those ships and did their duty and honored the commitment to service and country.

With that, I ask your permission to come onboard.

 
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